Introduction
Thangka, a traditional form of Buddhist painting, is deeply rooted in the cultural and religious practices of Nepal. Over the centuries, it has evolved into a significant art form, blending Indian, Tibetan, and Nepalese artistic traditions. Thangkas typically depict important Buddhist motifs, the Wheel of Life, images of the Buddha, other Buddhist deities, and mandalas being the most common. Thangka paintings are usually very intricate and detailed, with images inter-woven in a stylized geometric series of overlapping grids, taking many weeks or even months to complete.
Thangkas are used as meditation tools, teaching aids, and sacred objects in Buddhist practices. They are characterized by intricate details, vibrant colors, and symbolic representations of Buddhist teachings. Thangkas are often created by skilled artisans who undergo years of training to master the art form. Nepal is one of the most prominent centers for Thangka production. The process of creating a Thangka is highly ritualistic, involving precise measurements, natural pigments, and spiritual dedication.
In recent years, Thangka has also emerged as a commercial commodity, both within Nepal and in international markets. This literature review explores the historical, cultural, and artistic dimensions of Thangka, as well as its contemporary business aspects, including its economic impact, challenges, and opportunities in Nepal and abroad.
Historical and Cultural Context
Thangka painting in Nepal has its origins in the Indian Pala dynasty (8th–12th centuries) and was further developed by Newar artists in the Kathmandu Valley. The art form flourished under the patronage of Buddhist monasteries and royal courts.
• Pal (1974) in The Arts of Nepal highlights the role of Newar artists in preserving and innovating Thangka art, blending Indian and Tibetan influences with local traditions.
• Slusser (1982) in Nepal Mandala: A Cultural Study of the Kathmandu Valley emphasizes the syncretic nature of Nepalese Buddhism and its influence on Thangka art.
Cultural Significance
Thangka serves as a medium for religious expression, meditation, and cultural identity. It is used in rituals, festivals, and as a teaching tool for Buddhist philosophy.
• Tucci (1969) in Tibetan Painted Scrolls discusses the religious significance of Thangka in Nepalese Buddhism, noting its role in rituals and spiritual practices.
• Korn (1976) in The Traditional Art of the Kathmandu Valley explores the cultural importance of Thangka in Nepalese society, particularly its use in festivals and religious ceremonies.
Artistic Techniques and Styles
Nepalese Thangka painting is renowned for its intricate details, vibrant colors, and the use of gold leaf. The creation process is highly ritualized, involving natural pigments and strict iconographic guidelines.
• Huntington & Bangdel (2003) in The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art provide a detailed analysis of the materials and methods used in Nepalese Thangka painting.
• Chitrakar (2001) in Traditional Nepalese Painting discusses the stylistic variations and unique characteristics of Nepalese Thangka art.
